校审过程中的常见问题归纳

框架结构和剪力墙结构是较为常用的结构体系,本文对此类体系在施工图中容易出现的问题作了归纳,以期方便设计者及校审人查阅。     

猪萎缩性鼻炎巴氏杆菌灭活混合苗免疫程序的优化

为探索最佳的猪萎缩性鼻炎免疫防控程序,本实验采用鼻甲骨形态学(鼻甲骨周长比:TPR)测定的方法对猪AR巴氏杆菌灭活混合苗(猪克鼻)免疫效果进行评价,试验应用猪克鼻对试验组采用不同的免疫程序,A组:母猪于产前6周及2周各接种一个剂量的猪克鼻;B组:母猪产前6周及2周、所产仔猪3周龄各接种一个剂量的猪克鼻;同时设对照组(不接种疫苗)。在自然感染条件下,各组所产仔猪试验结果表明:A组有36.36%的仔猪鼻甲骨正常,63.64%轻度萎缩;B组有9.10%的仔猪鼻甲骨正常,90.90%比较正常;对照组有9.10%的仔猪轻度萎缩,72.70%为中度萎缩,18.20%中重度萎缩。对两种免疫程序的效果进行分析,结果表明,B组免疫的效果最佳,保护率高,猪的平均日增重最高,料重肉比下降,生产性能显著提高,值得在生产实践中推广应用。     

宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林雪害的影响因子

调查宁夏六盘山2011年秋一场罕见的早雪造成的华北落叶松人工林受害情况,分析林分受害率与立地条件和林分结构特征的关系。结果表明:高海拔冲风地段和土层瘠薄立地的林分受害率偏大;高密度林分的受害率显著大于低密度林分,说明密度是影响林分抵抗雪灾能力的重要结构指标,但直接原因是林分密度增高导致林分高径比增大;当高径比在0.7～0.9时,样地出现受害,但受害率随高径比增大的增幅不大,当高径比大于0.9后,林分受害率随高径比增大快速升高,当高径比大于1.0后,林分受害率随高径比增大急剧升高;及时间伐降低林木密度,把林分高径比降到0.7左右并维持在0.9以内,是提高森林抵抗雪灾能力的可行营林措施。     

Timing and intensity of precommercial thinning in Pinus sylvestris stands

The effects of timing and intensity of precommercial thinning were studied in three Scots pine artificially regenerated stands on Vaccinium forest sites in southern Finland. A two-level factorial design (3×3) was used in each stand: thinning at dominant height of 3, 6 and 9 m to 1000, 1600 and 2200 stems ha^?1. The effects of the treatments were analysed after a period of 23–25 yrs when the dominant height was 14–15 m. Early thinning resulted in the highest standing volume and amount of merchantable wood, and also in slightly accelerated height development. Thinning to 1000 stems ha^?1 caused a considerable production loss, but there were no differences between the densities of 1600 and 2200 stems ha^?1. Branches became thicker after early thinning, but the differences between the treatments were negligible for crop trees. Crown ratio was lowest as the result of early or moderate thinning (2200 stems ha^?1).     

Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus sylvatica seedlings

Abstract

Actual climate models for central Europe predict prolonged summer droughts. Knowledge on how the interaction between light and water availability affects regeneration will hence be of major importance. In an experiment carried out under controlled conditions, newly emerged beech seedlings were grown in pots with sand during 54 days. Three treatments applying three different light levels (2, 9 and 43% relative light intensity) were combined with two soil water treatments (control and drought). At the end of the experiment, seedlings were separated into leaves, stem and root and the seedlings’ dry mass, leaf area and stem length was determined. Low irradiance (2%) had a strong negative effect on dry weights of seedling components, leaf area and specific leaf mass. Drought clearly affected biomass partitioning for seedlings at high irradiance levels (43%). An interaction between irradiance and drought on biomass partitioning in beech seedlings was observed at medium irradiance level (9%). Within a wide range of light levels in the forests, both light and drought may affect biomass partitioning in young seedlings.     

Effect of spacing on 23-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia) in southern Sweden

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare volume growth and external timber quality properties of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia) stands planted in different spacings (1.41×1.41, 2.00×2.00, 2.83×2.83, 4.00×4.00) in southern Sweden. In northern Sweden lodgepole pine has been grown for a long time and shows superior volume production compared to Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.). The Swedish Forestry Act restricts establishment of lodgepole pine plantations in southern Sweden. However, it is important to increase the knowledge about lodgepole pine and its potential use also in this part of the country. Two experiments in southern Sweden were studied. Each trial was designed as a random block experiment with two blocks. Both investigated stands had an age of 23 years at the time of assessment. The mean diameter and the volume production differed significantly between the spacings. The highest volume production was found in the narrowest spacing, 313% compared to the widest spacing. Significant differences between spacings were also found concerning external quality traits. The frequency of dominant and co-dominant trees without defects was 24% in the most open spacing compared to 46% in the narrowest one. Under current circumstances approximately 2500 seedlings/ha in the initial stand seems to be a reasonable compromise between growth, diameter development and timber quality.     

日本落叶松容器苗不同控释肥生长效应

以落叶松网袋容器播种苗为对象,施用不同配方控释肥,进行落叶松苗期生长量、生物量、根冠比、叶绿素含量的测定,采用模糊数学隶属值计算方法选出适合日本落叶松育苗的专用配方控释肥。结果表明:按播种后天数,日本落叶松苗期生长阶段为:出苗期(7 39 d),生长初期(40 54 d),速生期(55 114 d)及生长后期(115 135d);不同配方控释肥对落叶松苗高、地径、单株生物量、地上生物量、地下生物量及叶绿素含量的影响差异极显著,而不同配方控释肥间根冠比差异不显著。控释肥配方2综合效果优于其他配方控释肥及从美国进口控释肥爱贝施,可以作为日本落叶松育苗专用肥。     

冬枣树皮疱斑病防治药剂筛选试验

冬枣树皮疱斑病Phoma persicae是近年在冬枣上新发生的一种重要病害,2009～2011年对其开展了室内抑菌测定和田间防效试验。结果表明,室内抑菌效果较好的药剂为苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑.丙环唑、恶唑菌酮.氟硅唑,抑菌率分别为98.7%、96.2%、94.9%、93.6%、92.3%;田间防治效果较好的药剂有苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、氟硅唑、中生菌素,防治效果分别为90.2%、87.1%、80.4%、69.1%,可以在防治冬枣树皮疱斑病生产中推广使用。     

西部地区文冠果种群种子特征及主要化学成分的地理变化

通过野外实际调查和测定,对我国西部地区8个文冠果天然群体的种子特征及主要化学成分进行研究。结果表明:8个文冠果种群的种子横径为1.05～1.51cm,纵径为0.86～1.38cm,种形指数为1.07～1.32,种群间存在显著差异;陕西延安种群种子的千粒质量和出仁率均最大,分别为1108.4g和48.28%,显著高于甘肃和青海种群;8个种群的种仁含油率均在53%以上,且不同种群间差异显著;文冠果种仁油含有12种脂肪酸,其中含量最高的是亚油酸(40.90%～46.12%),其次是油酸(29.21%～31.25%);含有17种氨基酸(22.53%～27.58%),包括7种必需氨基酸,占总氨基酸的27.61%。相关分析结果表明:文冠果种形指数表现出明显的地理变化规律,随经度的增加,种形指数逐渐减小;种子千粒质量与4—9月份的降水量呈极显著正相关,与年平均温度呈显著正相关,与年干燥度呈显著负相关;种仁油含量随地理经度的减小而降低,与4—9月份的降水量呈显著正相关;种仁氨基酸含量与地理经度及无霜期相关性显著,随经度和无霜期的增加而增大,即东部地区氨基酸含量较高。